Autism Spectrum Disorder In Pakistan: A Review

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Authors

  • Maham Ashraf Kalsoom Tufail hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan
  • Bareera Saeed Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Pakistan
  • Abiha Fatima Mansoor Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Pakistan
  • Muneeba Ijaz Sehat Medical Complex Hanjarwal, Pakistan
  • Faiza Mushtaq Kalsoom Tufail hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Azzam Khan Kalsoom Tufail hospital, Gujranwala, Pakistan
  • Tallat Anwar Faridi University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.384

Keywords:

Autism, Spectrum Disorder, Pakistan, Neurological

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological condition that affects characterized with limitations the occurrence of specific interests and recurrent behaviors in social interaction. This article explains factors that may influence prevalence rates, such as recent changes to the diagnostic criteria, in light of current concerns about increased prevalence. To observe the development of literature regarding autism spectrum disorder in light of recent researches. The data was collected from data bases such as google scholar, Pubmed, HEC library and Scopus. The researches from only national scholars was considered. The data was vetted by a self appointed committee of expert peer reviewer to ensure maximum quality. Based on our analysis of published works, it can be claimed that there is a lack of academically sound published material from Pakistan, making it challenging to quantify the burden of ASD in this community, identify risk factors, or even create efficient intervention methods.

References

Hodges H, Fealko C, Soares N. Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Translational pediatrics. 2020 Feb; 9(Suppl 1): S55-S65. doi: 10.21037/tp.2019.09.09

Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM, Kuo DZ, Apkon S, Davidson LF, et al. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan; 145(1). doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3447

Bölte S, Girdler S, Marschik PB. The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2019 Apr; 76(7): 1275-97. doi: 10.1007/s00018-018-2988-4

Williams White S, Keonig K, Scahill L. Social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorders: A review of the intervention research. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2007 Nov; 37(10): 1858-68. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0320-x

Tebartz van Elst L, Pick M, Biscaldi M, Fangmeier T, Riedel A. High-functioning autism spectrum disorder as a basic disorder in adult psychiatry and psychotherapy: psychopathological presentation, clinical relevance and therapeutic concepts. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2013 Nov; 263(2): 189-96. doi: 10.1007/s00406-013-0459-3

Guang S, Pang N, Deng X, Yang L, He F, Wu L, Chen C, Yin F, Peng J. Synaptopathology involved in autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2018 Dec 21; 12: 470. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00470

Furrukh J and Anjum G. Coping with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Pakistan: A phenomenology of mothers who have children with ASD. Cogent psychology. 2020 Dec; 7(1): 1728108. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2020.1728108

Rahbar MH, Ibrahim SH, Azam SI, Hessabi M, Karim F, Kim S, et al. Concentrations of Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Manganese, and Aluminum in the Blood of Pakistani Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Associated Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Aug; 18(16): 8625. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168625

Seif Eldin A, Habib D, Noufal A, Farrag S, Bazaid K, Al-Sharbati M, et al. Use of M-CHAT for a multinational screening of young children with autism in the Arab countries. International Review of Psychiatry. 2008 Jan; 20(3): 281-9. doi: 10.1080/09540260801990324

Nadeem T, Aftab R, Asad N. An overview of autism: is it treatable in Pakistan?. Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS). 2019; 14(3): 4-5.

Lodhi SK, Thaver D, Akhtar IN, Javaid H, Mansoor M, Bano S, et al. Assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of school teachers regarding Dyslexia, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Autistic Spectrum Disorders in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad. 2016 Mar; 28(1): 99-104.

Imran N, Azeem MW. Autism spectrum disorders: perspective from Pakistan. Comprehensive Guide to Autism. New York: Springer. 2014: 2483-96. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_152

Ametepee LK snf Chitiyo M. What We Know about Autism in Africa: A Brief Research Synthesis. Journal of the International Association of Special Education. 2009 May; 10(1): 11-88.

Belhadj A, Mrad R, Halayem MB. A clinic and a paraclinic study of Tunisian population of children with autism. About 63 cases. La Tunisie Medicale. 2006 Dec; 84(12): 763-7.

Mankoski RE, Collins M, Ndosi NK, Mgalla EH, Sarwatt VV, Folstein SE. Etiologies of autism in a case-series from Tanzania. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2006 Nov; 36(8): 1039-51. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0143-9

WHO, Autism Spectrum Disorders & Other Developmental Disorders. From Raising Awareness to Building Capacity, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 2013 Sep.

Newton CR and Chugani DC. The continuing role of ICNA in Africa: how to tackle autism?. Developmental medicine & child neurology. 2013. 55(6): 488–489.

Bakare MO, Munir KM, Bello-Mojeed MA. Public health and research funding for childhood neurodevelopmental disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: a time to balance priorities. Healthcare in low-resource settings. 2014 Jan; 2(1). doi: 10.4081/hls.2014.1559

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group*. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine. 2009 Aug; 151(4): 264-9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135

Qureshia MS, Shoukatb A, Kirbyc A. Receiving a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Pakistan. Jahan-e-Tahqeeq. 2022 Jan; 5(1): 52-9.

Imran N, Chaudry MR, Azeem MW, Bhatti MR, Choudhary ZI, Cheema MA. A survey of Autism knowledge and attitudes among the healthcare professionals in Lahore, Pakistan. BMC pediatrics. 2011 Dec; 11(1): 1-6. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-107

Halepoto DM, Bashir S, Al-Ayadhi L. Possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in autism spectrum disorder: current status. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2014 Apr; 24(4): 274-8.

Rahbar MH, Ibrahim SH, Azam SI, Hessabi M, Karim F, Kim S, et al. Concentrations of Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Manganese, and Aluminum in the Blood of Pakistani Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Associated Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Aug; 18(16): 8625. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168625

Rahman A, Divan G, Hamdani SU, Vajaratkar V, Taylor C, Leadbitter K, Aldred C, et al. Effectiveness of the parent-mediated intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder in south Asia in India and Pakistan (PASS): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Feb 1; 3(2): 128-36. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00388-0

Rabia A, Harripaul R, Mikhailov A, Mahmood S, Maqbool S, Vincent JB, et al. Biallelic Loss of Function Mutation in Sodium Channel Gene SCN10A in an Autism Spectrum Disorder Trio from Pakistan. Genes. 2022 Sep; 13(9): 1633-39.doi: 10.3390/genes13091633

Nadeem G, Bibi A, Suhaib B, Ahmed S, Ali S. Clinical and demographic features of 76 children with autism spectrum disorders at a centre in Pakistan. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2019 Apr; 29(4): 390-1. doi: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.04.390

Akram B, Batool M, Rafi Z, Akram A. Prevalence and predictors of non-suicidal self-injury among children with autism spectrum disorder. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017 Sep; 33(5): 1225. doi: 10.12669/pjms.335.12931

Suhaib F, Saeed A, Gul H, Kaleem M. Oral assessment of children with autism spectrum disorder in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Autism. 2019 Jan; 23(1): 81-6. doi: 10.1177/1362361317730299

Quaid-johar A. A cross-sectional survey on coping behavior of Pakistani parents with a child diagnosed autism spectrum disorder. Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation. 2021 Mar; 10(1): 68-75. doi: 10.36283/pjr.zu.10.1/010

Minhas A, Vajaratkar V, Divan G, Hamdani SU, Leadbitter K, Taylor C, et al. Parents’ perspectives on care of children with autistic spectrum disorder in South Asia–Views from Pakistan and India. International Review of Psychiatry. 2015 May; 27(3): 247-56. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1049128

Kausar N, Akram B, Dawood S, Ahmad F. Development of an indigenous parental perceived stress scale for children with autism spectrum disorder. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2019 Dec: 433-56. doi: 10.33824/PJPR.2019.34.2.24

Rabia A, Mahmood S, Maqbool S. Prevalence of minor physical anomalies in children with autism spectrum disorder reporting to a tertiary care hospital Lahore-Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022 Aug; 38(7). doi: 10.12669/pjms.38.7.6639

Sarwar F, Panatik SA, Jameel HT, Wan Mohd Yunus WM, Muhamad SN. Psychological Capital, Social Support and Wellbeing in Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. SAGE Open. 2022 Sep; 12(3): 1-12. doi: 10.1177/21582440221121773

Khan ZU, Chand P, Majid H, Ahmed S, Khan AH, Jamil A, Ejaz S, Wasim A, Khan KA, Jafri L. Urinary metabolomics using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: potential biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. BMC neurology. 2022 Dec; 22(1): 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12883-022-02630-4

Farooq A and Ahmed S. Sociocultural Barriers to Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Life and Science. 2020 Oct; 1(4): 139-145. doi: 10.37185/LnS.1.1.106

Pasha S, Shah S, Siddiqui GK. Speech-Language Intervention used by Professionals for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Pakistan. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies. 2021 Jun; 7(2): 369-74. doi: 10.26710/jbsee.v7i2.1649

Fatima S, Sultan S, Jenson WR, Davis JL, Radley KC, Naintara. Superheroes Social Skills Program: A Replication with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Pakistan. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology. 2021 Jul: 1-2. doi: 10.1080/21683603.2021.1944410

Ayub A, Naeem B, Ahmed WN, Srichand S, Aziz K, Abro B, et al. Knowledge and perception regarding autism among primary school teachers: A cross-sectional survey from Pakistan, South Asia. Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine. 2017 Jul; 42(3): 177-179. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_121_16

Sharma U and Rangarajan R. Teaching students with autism spectrum disorders in South Asia: A scoping study and recommendations for future. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 2019 Oct; 65(5): 347-58. doi: 10.1080/20473869.2019.1641017

Sajjad S, Asad S, Gul A, Ghauri AA. Quiet ego, perceived social support, and subjective well-being in mothers having children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2022 Sep; 97: 102006. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102006

Abubakar A, Ssewanyana D, Newton CR. A systematic review of research on autism spectrum disorders in sub-Saharan Africa. Behavioural neurology. 2016 Oct; 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/3501910

Müller RA. The study of autism as a distributed disorder. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews. 2007; 13(1): 85-95. doi: 10.1002/mrdd.20141

Downloads

Published

2022-12-31
CITATION
DOI: 10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.384
Published: 2022-12-31

How to Cite

Ashraf, M. ., Saeed, B. ., Fatima Mansoor, A. ., Ijaz, M. ., Mushtaq, F. ., Azzam Khan, M. ., & Anwar Faridi, T. . (2022). Autism Spectrum Disorder In Pakistan: A Review : Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 3(07), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i07.384

Issue

Section

Review Article

Plaudit

Most read articles by the same author(s)