Analyzing Risk Factors Associated with Post Myocardial Infarction Complications: A Retrospective Analysis
Post Myocardial Infarction Complications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v6i4.2912Keywords:
Myocardial Infarction, Post-Myocardial Infarction Complications, Arrhythmias, Cardiogenic shock, Diabetes MellitusAbstract
Myocardial infarction is a major cause of mortality and results in several complications including post-MI arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock. Objective: To evaluate and examine the clinical and demographic factors and their association with post-MI complications. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study and non-probability convenient sampling was recruited for assessment. A total of 188 patients aged 45 to 65 years, hospitalized for acute STEMI and of both genders were included. However, patients with NSTEMI or with comorbidities such as chronic renal failure or cirrhosis were not included. Age, gender, BMI, duration of hospitalization, etc. were recorded on a structured form. Patients were assessed for post-MI arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and pulmonary edema. This study took six months its completion. SPSS version 25.0 software was employed for analysis and a chi-square test was used to identify associated risk factors with post-MI complications at a significant level (p<0.05). Results: Findings revealed that the occurrence of post-MI arrhythmias showed a significant association with smoking and family history (p<0.001), while no significant association was observed for BMI, hospital duration, hypertension, or family history. Cardiogenic Shock (CS) is strongly associated with DM (p=0.001) but shows no association with smoking, BMI, duration of hospital stays, hypertension, or family history. Conclusions: Smoking and a family history of cardiovascular disease are prevalent and found significant association with post-MI arrhythmias (p<0.001) after myocardial infarction; diabetes mellitus also resulted in significant association with pulmonary edema and cardiogenic shock (p<0.001).
References
Alsaidan AA. Cardiovascular Disease Management and Prevention in Saudi Arabia: Strategies, Risk Factors, and Targeted Interventions. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2025 Mar; 2025(1): 7233591. doi: 10.1155/ijcp/7233591.
Shams O, Rathi N, Kumar J, Sahito AA, Rathi KK. Prevalence of mechanical vs. non-mechanical complications in patients with acute STEMI. Journal of Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences Nawabshah. 2020 Mar; 10(1).
Elbaih AH, Nasr GM, Kasabi AE, Yussef HH. Updates Emergency Ischemic Chest Pain. EC Emergency Medicine and Critical Care. 2020 Oct; 4: 12-47.
Nadendla RR, Narayanan H, Murgod R, Alboloi KS, Savira M, Muthuprasanna P. Current and Prospective Biochemical Markers for the Identification of Acute Coronary Syndrome-A Review. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2024 Dec; 17(4): 2071-85. doi: 10.13005/bpj/3009.
Karaca OF and Yalman H. Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome. 2006 May; 26(2): 99-103.
Hu T. Electrocardiographic Interpretation and Abnormalities: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical, Technical, and Pathophysiological Insights. 2025 Mar. doi: 10.20944/preprints202503.2155.v1.
Akbar H, Foth C, Kahloon R, Mountfort S. Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). StatPearls. 2024 Oct.
Kwok CS, Qureshi AI, Will M, Schwarz K, Lip GY, Borovac JA. Structural complications following st-elevation myocardial infarction: an analysis of the national inpatient sample 2016 to 2020. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2024 Feb; 11(2): 59. doi: 10.3390/jcdd11020059.
Damluji, A.A., Van Diepen, S., Katz, J.N., Menon, V., Tamis-Holland, J.E., Bakitas, M., et al. and American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, 2021. Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul; 144(2): e16-e35. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000985.
Gong FF, Vaitenas I, Malaisrie SC, Maganti K. Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction: a review. The Journal of the American Medical Association Cardiology. 2021 Mar; 6(3): 341-9. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3690.
Akbar, H.; Foth, C.; Kahloon, R.A.; Mountford, S. Acute St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction; Statpearls: Treasure Island, Fl, Usa, 2023. 2024 Feb; 11(2): 59. doi: 10.3390/jcdd11020059.
Suri P, Arora A, Kinra K, Arora V. Risk factors and angiographic profile in young individuals with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Indian Journal of Clinical Cardiology. 2023 Dec; 4(4): 242-7. doi: 10.1177/26324636231199029.
Moras E, Yakkali S, Gandhi KD, Virk HU, Alam M, Zaid S et al. Complications in acute myocardial infarction: Navigating challenges in diagnosis and management. Hearts. 2024 Mar; 5(1): 122-41. doi: 10.3390/hearts5010009.
Yaseen L, Shabbir A, Khalid K. Frequency of mortality in cardiogenic shock associated with st elevation myocardial infarction in patients undergoing primary pci. 2020 Sep; 69(3).
Shah JA, Naz F, Kumar R, Hassan M, Shah G, Ahmed K et al. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention and associated outcomes during the first 24 hours. Cureus. 2021 Jan; 13(1). doi: 10.7759/cureus.12599.
Samsky MD, Morrow DA, Proudfoot AG, Hochman JS, Thiele H, Rao SV. Cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction: a review. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2021 Nov; 326(18): 1840-50. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.18323.
Naing L, Nordin RB, Abdul Rahman H, Naing YT. Sample size calculation for prevalence studies using Scalex and ScalaR calculators. BioMed Central Medical Research Methodology. 2022 Jul; 22(1): 209. doi: 10.1186/s12874-022-01694-7.
Srinivasan S and Kundu R. Fluid Management in Cardiogenic Shock. InRational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients 2023 Nov: 315-328. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-42205-8_15.
Sinha SS, Morrow DA, Kapur NK, Kataria R, Roswell RO. 2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: An ACC Expert Consensus Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Cardiogenic Shock: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2025 Mar: S0735-1097(25)00418-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.02.018.
Pilgrim A. Acute Pulmonary Edema and NSTEMI. Journal of Education & Teaching in Emergency Medicine. 2023 Jul; 8(3): O1-O32. doi: 10.21980/J8CW67.
Marinsek M, Šuran D, Sinkovic A. Factors of Hospital Mortality in Men and Women with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction-An Observational, Retrospective, Single Centre Study. International Journal of General Medicine. 2023 Dec: 5955-68. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S439414.
Bono LA, Puente LJ, Szarfer J, Estrella LM, Doppler EM, ME NL et al. In-hospital complications of acute myocardial infarction. Incidence and timing of their occurrence. Medicina. 2021 Jan; 81(6): 978-85.
Ullah R, Shireen F, Shiraz A, Bahadur S. In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction With or Without Mitral Regurgitation. Cureus. 2022 Apr; 14(4). doi: 10.7759/cureus.23762.
Mavungu Mbuku JM, Mukombola Kasongo A, Goube P, Miltoni L, Nkodila Natuhoyila A, M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR et al. Factors associated with complications in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a single-center experience. BioMed Central Cardiovascular Disorders. 2023 Sep; 23(1): 468. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03498-z.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments