ABO and Rh Blood Group Distribution and Its Association with Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women: A Study from Peshawar District: Blood Group Distribution in Pregnant Women

Nadra Jamil; Nayab Sarwar; Shaista Alam; Maida Khalid; Sara Jamil Khan; Saira Nasr Malik

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v5i11.2368

Authors

Nadra Jamil Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, Pakistan
Nayab Sarwar Department of Pathology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
Shaista Alam Department of Microbiology/Pathology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
Maida Khalid Department of Pathology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
Sara Jamil Khan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Frontier Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
Saira Nasr Malik Department of Hematology, Khyber Medical College, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i11.2368

Keywords:

Anemia, Blood Group Distribution, ABO Blood Group, Rh Factor, Hemoglobin Levels

Abstract

Anemia was a significant global health issue, leading to preterm birth, low weight at birth, and fetal malformations in pregnancy. Determination of blood group distribution and their relationship with anemia was essential for improving anemia management in pregnancy. Objective: To assess the distribution of the ABO blood group and Rh type of pregnant women and its relationship with the concentration of hemoglobin. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design study was conducted at a primary healthcare center in Peshawar from 1^st January 2023 to 31^st December 2023, enrolling 1049 pregnant women attending antenatal care. ABO and Rh typing were determined, and Hb levels were assayed to assess the presence of anemia in the participants. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. To examine the relationship between various blood group types and anemia, ANOVA and correlation analysis were employed. Results: B-type was the most prevalent blood group among the participants, about 358 (34.1%), followed by O 295 (28.1%), A 279 (26.6%), and AB about 117 (11.2%). The majority of participants, 972 (92.7%), were Rh-positive. Anemia was prevalent in 878 (83.7%) of participants, with 639 (60.9%) having mild anemia. Linear regression analysis indicated no significant impact of ABO blood group or Rh factor on hemoglobin levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In the current study, B-type was the most prevalent blood group among pregnant women, differing from previous reports of blood group O. However, no significant association was observed between blood group types and anemia, suggesting that other factors might play a more significant role in the prevalence of anemia.

References

Karami M, Chaleshgar M, Salari N, Akbari H, Mohammadi M. Global prevalence of anemia in pregnant women: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2022 Jul; 26(7): 1473-87. doi: 10.1007/s10995-022-03450-1.

Liyew AM, Tesema GA, Alamneh TS, Worku MG, Teshale AB, Alem AZ et al. Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women in East Africa; A multi-level analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys. PLOS One. 2021 Apr; 16(4): e0250560. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250560.

Sajan R, Lal S, Kazi S, Sultan A, Ismail S, Khanzada G. Frequency of ABO blood group in pregnant women and its correlation with pregnancy-related complications. Cureus. 2021 Apr; 13(4). doi: 10.7759/cureus.14487.

Jahanpour O, Pyuza JJ, Ntiyakunze EO, Mremi A, Shao ER. ABO and Rhesus blood group distribution and frequency among blood donors at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania. BioMed Central Research Notes. 2017 Dec; 10: 1-5. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-3037-3.

Geta TG, Gebremedhin S, Omigbodun AO. Prevalence and predictors of anemia among pregnant women in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One. 2022 Jul; 17(7): e0267005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267005.

Than NG, Romero R, Meiri H, Erez O, Xu Y, Tarquini F et al. PP13, maternal ABO blood groups and the risk assessment of pregnancy complications. PLoS One. 2011 Jul; 6(7): 21564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021564.

Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F et al. Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health. 2013 Jul; 1(1): e16-25. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9.

Al-Kuran O, Al-Mehaisen L, Qasem R, Alhajji S, Al-Abdulrahman N, Alfuzai S et al. Distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among pregnant women attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinic at the Jordan University Hospital. Scientific Reports. 2023 Aug; 13(1): 13196. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40085-w.

Anyiam AF, Obeagu EI, Obi E, Omosigho PO, Irondi EA, Arinze-Anyiam OC et al. ABO blood groups and gestational diabetes among pregnant women attending University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology. 2022 Jun; 5(2): 113-21.

Floch A. Maternal red blood cell alloimmunisation Working Party, literature review. RH blood group system: rare specificities. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique. 2021 Aug; 28(3): 314-20. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.04.007.

Chanko KP. Frequency of ABO blood group and Rh (D) negative mothers among pregnant women attending at antenatal Care Clinic of Sodo Health Center, SNNPR, Ethiopia. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2020 May; 8: 10-4. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20200802.11.

Mukhtar IG, Abdulkadir AY. Frequencies of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood group phenotypes among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Journal of Medicine in the Tropics. 2019 Jan; 21(1): 31-6. doi: 10.4103/jomt.jomt_4_19.

Nwauche CA, Eneh AU, Pughikumo CO, Chijioke-Nwauche IN. ABO and Rhesus blood groups in mothers and their newborns in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Port Harcourt medical journal. 2012; 6(4): 455-9.

Barot T, Patel D, Shah R. Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups among voluntary blood donors in Central Gujarat, India. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. 2020 Jul; 7(7): 61-3. doi: 10.21276/ijcmr.2020.7.7.24.

Akogu SP, Olumorin OI, Akor SE. Distribution of ABO, Rhesus Factor Blood Phenotype and Haemoglobin Genotype among Antenatal Clinic Attendees in Anyigba, North Central Nigeria. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2021 Nov; 3(6): 11-3. doi: 10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.6.954.

Alemu M, Abrha G, Bugssa G, Tedla K. Frequency of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups and hemoglobin threshold among pregnant women in family guidance association, Mekelle model clinic, North Ethiopia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2014 Dec; 5(12): 892-5.

Nwabuko O and Okoh D. Assessment of ABO-rhesus blood groups and hemoglobin concentrations of sickle cell disease pregnant women at booking in Nigeria. Hematology Transfusion International Journal. 2017 Aug; 5(2): 00113. doi: 10.15406/htij.2017.05.00113.

Magtooph MG. Relationship of ABO blood group with Hemoglubin level, glucose level and urinary track infection of pregnant women. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science. 2018; 6(4): 49-53. doi: 10.32792/utq/utjsci/v6i4.66.

Kumar BA and Kaushik M. Blood group and anemia: Exploring a new relationship. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. 2013 Jan; 5(1): 43-5. doi: 10.5897/JPHE12.071.