Association between Myopia and Glaucoma; A Cross-sectional Study
Association between Myopia and Glaucoma
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i04.667Keywords:
Myopia, Glaucoma, Optic Disc, Refraction, Visual acuityAbstract
Myopia is a major cause of worldwide avoidable blindness and its prevalence increasing rapidly. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of glaucomatous optic nerve damage with various myopia levels as well as the relationship between myopia and glaucoma. Methods: A multi-centered cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to July 2022. 250 individuals between the ages of 40 and 65 were recruited using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Mild, moderate and severe degree of myopia who had never had any surgery were included. All subjects underwent refraction and the optic disc ratio was assessed by slit lamp biomicroscopy, perimetry was performed to evaluate the visual field defects and IOP was determined using air puff tonometer. Frequency of glaucoma indicated by presence of visual field defects, glaucomatous optic disc. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results: 145 (58%) of the 250 total subjects were female and 105(42%) were male. 67 (26.8%) people had refractive errors of mild myopia up to 3D. While 85 (34%) had a severe degree of myopia (refractive error greater than 6D) and 98 (39.2%) had a moderate degree. No intragroup's intraocular pressure showed a significantly distinct configuration. Age-related VF anomalies (a larger blind region, a vertical cup to disc ratio, and an unjustified defect) were associated with both glaucoma and high myopia. Findings from the study indicated that glaucoma risk increased for those with high myopia (p=0.001). Conclusion: High myopia is strongly associated with glaucomatous changes and a high prevalence of optic disc damage.
References
Gan K, Liu Y, Stagg B, Rathi S, Pasquale LR, Damji K. Telemedicine for glaucoma: guidelines and recommendations. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020 Apr; 26(4): 551-5. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2020.0009
Varma R, Lee PP, Goldberg I, Kotak S. An assessment of the health and economic burdens of glaucoma. American journal of ophthalmology. 2011 Oct; 152(4): 515-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.06.004
Kalyani VK, Dayal A, Chelerkar V, Deshpande M, Chakma A. Assessment of psychosocial impact of primary glaucoma and its effect on quality of life of patients in Western India. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020 Nov; 68(11): 2435. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2117_19
Zukerman R, Harris A, Oddone F, Siesky B, Verticchio Vercellin A, Ciulla TA. Glaucoma Heritability: Molecular Mechanisms of Disease. Genes 2021, 12, 1135. doi: 10.3390/genes12081135
Hollitt GL, Siggs OM, Ridge B, Keane MC, Mackey DA, MacGregor S, et al. Attitudes towards polygenic risk testing in individuals with glaucoma. Ophthalmology Glaucoma. 2022 Jul; 5(4): 436-46. doi: 10.1016/j.ogla.2021.11.002
Wurster P, Harris A, Gonzalez AC, Adjei S, Verticchio Vercellin A, Mathew S, et al. Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma in persons of Latin American descent. Journal of glaucoma. 2020 Mar; 29(3): 217-25. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001429
Quigley HA. Open-angle glaucoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 Apr; 328(15): 1097-106. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199304153281507
Doucette LP, Rasnitsyn A, Seifi M, Walter MA. The interactions of genes, age, and environment in glaucoma pathogenesis. Survey of ophthalmology. 2015 Jul; 60(4): 310-26. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.01.004
Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, et al. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2016 Sep; 54:64-102. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003
Modjtahedi BS, Abbott RL, Fong DS, Lum F, Tan D, Ang M, et al. Reducing the global burden of myopia by delaying the onset of myopia and reducing myopic progression in children: the Academy’s Task Force on Myopia. Ophthalmology. 2021 Jun; 128(6): 816-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.040
Han X, Liu C, Chen Y, He M. Myopia prediction: a systematic review. Eye. 2022 May; 36(5): 921-9. doi: 10.1038/s41433-021-01805-6
Bullimore MA, Ritchey ER, Shah S, Leveziel N, Bourne RR, Flitcroft DI. The risks and benefits of myopia control. Ophthalmology. 2021 Nov; 128(11): 1561-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.032
Morgan IG and Jan CL. China turns to school reform to control the myopia epidemic: a narrative review. The Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022 Jan; 11(1): 27-35. doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000489
Liang Y and Kee CS. Risk factors for myopia in 2 Hong Kong school systems: a pilot study. The Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022 Jan; 11(1): 19-26. doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000486
Choi KY, Chan SS, Chan HH. The effect of spatially-related environmental risk factors in visual scenes on myopia. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2022 May; 105(4): 353-61. doi: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1983400
Németh J, Tapasztó B, Aclimandos WA, Kestelyn P, Jonas JB, De Faber JT, et al. Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute. European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021 May; 31(3): 853-83. doi: 10.1177/1120672121998960
Xiang ZY and Zou HD. Recent epidemiology study data of myopia. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020 Nov; 2020: 1-2. doi: 10.1155/2020/4395278
Karthikeyan SK, Ashwini DL, Priyanka M, Nayak A, Biswas S. Physical activity, time spent outdoors, and near work in relation to myopia prevalence, incidence, and progression: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022 Mar; 70(3): 728. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1564_21
Deng L and Pang Y. Effect of outdoor activities in myopia control: meta-analysis of clinical studies. Optometry and Vision Science. 2019 Apr; 96(4): s276-82. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001357
Rashid F, Jabbar M, Fatima N, Siddique M, Hussain A, Waheed K. Effect of Change in Iris Color on Myopia. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences. 2022 May; 16(04): 289. doi: 10.53350/pjmhs22164289
van Leeuwen R, Haarman AE, Van De Put MA, Klaver CC, Los LI, Dutch Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Study Group. Association of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment incidence with myopia prevalence in the Netherlands. JAMA ophthalmology. 2021 Jan; 139(1): 85-92. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5114
Haarman AE, Enthoven CA, Tideman JW, Tedja MS, Verhoeven VJ, Klaver CC. The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2020 Apr; 61(4): 49. doi: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.49
Lee K, Yang H, Kim JY, Seong GJ, Kim CY, Bae HW. Risk factors associated with structural progression in normal-tension glaucoma: intraocular pressure, systemic blood pressure, and myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2020 Jul; 61(8): 35. doi: 10.1167/iovs.61.8.35
Park HY, Shin DY, Jeon SJ, Kim YC, Jung Y, Kim EK, et al. Predicting the development of normal tension glaucoma and related risk factors in normal tension glaucoma suspects. Scientific Reports. 2021 Aug; 11(1): 16697. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95984-7
Seol BR, Park KH, Jeoung JW. Optic disc tilt and glaucoma progression in myopic glaucoma: a longitudinal match-pair case-control study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2019 May; 60(6): 2127-33. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-25839
Jonas RA, Wang YX, Yang H, Li JJ, Xu L, Panda-Jonas S, et al. Optic disc-fovea angle: the Beijing Eye Study 2011. PLoS One. 2015 Nov; 10(11): e0141771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141771
Jonas RA, Wang YX, Yang H, Li JJ, Xu L, Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB. Optic disc-fovea distance, axial length and parapapillary zones. The Beijing Eye Study 2011. PloS one. 2015 Sep; 10(9): e0138701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138701
Wang YX, Yang H, Luo H, Hong SW, Gardiner SK, Jeoung JW, et al. Peripapillary scleral bowing increases with age and is inversely associated with peripapillary choroidal thickness in healthy eyes. American journal of ophthalmology. 2020 Sep; 217: 91-103. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.03.050
Omodaka K, An G, Tsuda S, Shiga Y, Takada N, Kikawa T, et al. Classification of optic disc shape in glaucoma using machine learning based on quantified ocular parameters. PloS one. 2017 Dec; 12(12): e0190012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190012
Zhang Q, Xu L, Wei WB, Wang YX, Jonas JB. Size and shape of Bruch's membrane opening in relationship to axial length, gamma zone, and macular Bruch's membrane defects. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2019 Jun; 60(7): 2591-8. doi: 10.1167/iovs.19-27331
Jonas JB, Weber P, Nagaoka N, Ohno-Matsui K. Glaucoma in high myopia and parapapillary delta zone. PLoS One. 2017 Apr; 12(4): e0175120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175120
Nagaoka N, Jonas JB, Morohoshi K, Moriyama M, Shimada N, Yoshida T, et al. Glaucomatous-type optic discs in high myopia. PLoS One. 2015 Oct; 10(10): e0138825. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138825
Xu L, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Jonas JB. High myopia and glaucoma susceptibility: the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2007 Feb; 114(2): 216-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.050
Suzuki Y, Iwase A, Araie M, Yamamoto T, Abe H, Shirato S, et al. Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma in a Japanese population: the Tajimi Study. Ophthalmology. 2006 Sep; 113(9): 1613-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.03.059
Ramakrishnan R, Nirmalan PK, Krishnadas R, Thulasiraj RD, Tielsch JM, Katz J, et al. Glaucoma in a rural population of southern India: the Aravind comprehensive eye survey. Ophthalmology. 2003 Aug; 110(8): 1484-90. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00564-5
Czudowska MA, Ramdas WD, Wolfs RC, Hofman A, De Jong PT, Vingerling JR, et al. Incidence of glaucomatous visual field loss: a ten-year follow-up from the Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology. 2010 Sep; 117(9): 1705-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.01.034
Jiang X, Varma R, Wu S, Torres M, Azen SP, Francis BA, et al. Baseline risk factors that predict the development of open-angle glaucoma in a population: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2012 Nov; 119(11): 2245-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.030
Leske MC, Heijl A, Hussein M, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Komaroff E, et al. Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial. Archives of ophthalmology. 2003 Jan; 121(1): 48-56. doi: 10.1001/archopht.121.1.48
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments
