A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents at a Tertiary Healthcare Facility: Risk Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents

Aamir Naseem; Sommayya Aftab; Kashan Arshad; Sajjad Habib Ullah; Noor-ul-ain Mehak; Khandah Fishan Mumtaz; Sumiya Abid

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v5i12.2403

Authors

Aamir Naseem Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Sommayya Aftab Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Kashan Arshad Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Sajjad Habib Ullah Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Noor-ul-ain Mehak Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Khandah Fishan Mumtaz Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Sumiya Abid Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i12.2403

Keywords:

Type 1 Diabetes, Risk Factors, Autoimmunity, Children

Abstract

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition affecting the pancreas. Objectives: To assess the associations between genetic and environmental risk factors and the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in children and adolescents. Methods: It was a case-control study conducted over 6 months at the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, the Children’s Hospital Lahore. The study population consisted of two groups. Cases consisted of children with Type 1 Diabetes while controls were without Type 1 Diabetes. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire by interview method from parents of children participating in the study. The incidence of various environmental and genetic factors reported to be associated with Type 1 Diabetes was compared between the groups. Results: 300 children participated in the study (n=150 cases and n=150 control group). The mean age of the participants was 7.90 + 4.553 years. Pearson chi-square test revealed a significant association between Type 1 Diabetes and various factors like cow’s milk in infancy, early weaning, and vitamin D supplementation. Amongst the genetic factors, the association was significant for history of autoimmunity, family history of autoimmunity and family history of Type 1 Diabetes (p-value=<0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that children with a history of autoimmunity or Type 1 Diabetes in self or family, early introduction to cow’s milk and supplementary foods are at higher risk for Type 1 Diabetes. Meanwhile, no relationship was established between Type 1 Diabetes and prior COVID-19 infection or recurrent infections. Further studies are needed to establish cause and effect relationship.

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