Role of Gut Microbiota in Immune System Regulation: Gut Microbiota in Immune System Regulation

Talia Attiq; Amina Farrukh Alavi; Shahzaib Khan; Fatima Najam; Maleeha Saleem; Irum Hassan; Roomana Ali; Hameer Khan Khaskheli; Samran Sardar; Fiza Farooq

doi:10.54393/pjhs.v5i08.1904

Authors

Talia Attiq Department of Biotechnology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Amina Farrukh Alavi Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Shahzaib Khan King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
Fatima Najam King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
Maleeha Saleem Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Irum Hassan School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Roomana Ali School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Hameer Khan Khaskheli Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
Samran Sardar Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Fiza Farooq Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i08.1904

Keywords:

Gut Microbiome, Immune System, Autoimmune Diseases, Dysbiosis, Probiotics

Abstract

The human gut is a densely populated organ system that bears hundreds of microbial species, including bacteria, viruses, and various protozoans. The gut microbiome expresses enormous functional diversity based on microbial community collection. However, this has remained unexplored for a long time, but in the recent past various researches have revealed its immense significance in host metabolism and immunity. Gut microbiota metabolize undigested substances and release various metabolites in response to microbial metabolism that have a significant effect on the immune system. The balance and stability of the immune system within the body are achieved and maintained through the complex interaction between the gut microbiota and the host mucosal immune system. Upon loss of control by the immune system, dysbiosis occurs, the modulation of the microbial community, which leads to different disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Moreover, dysbiosis is also associated with various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis. Despite its intricate mechanism in autoimmune diseases, various therapeutic strategies are utilized to treat chronic diseases, including prebiotics treatment, personalized probiotics therapy, fecal microbiome transplantation, and narrow-spectrum antibiotic treatment. This review discusses the interaction of gut microbiome with the immune system, how this association becomes dysregulated, its various outcomes in the form of autoimmune diseases, and therapeutic interventions to cope with it.

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